(b) The presently-occurring exploitative utilisation of resources may be fatal for mankind in the long-run. In this context, mention six effects of such extensive use of resources. [6]
Answers
SECTION A (40 Marks)
Attempt all questions from this Section
MODEL ANSWER: Fruit Product Order. (1) Indian Standards Institute. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: Industrial effluents, municipal wastes, bathing / washing. (any two) (1 + 1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. Loss of soil fertility - Soil erosion has an immediate adverse impact on soil fertility and quality.
2. Loss of nutrient content - Soil erosion leads to the removal of the top soil, thus decreasing the valuable nutrient content of the soil.
3. Loss of productivity - Soil erosion decreases the valuable mineral content of the soil, in-turn decreasing the crop yield.
4. Loss of natural vegetation - Soil erosion by agents like wind and water destroys grasses, etc.
5. Floods - Soil erosion also leads to the deposition of debris on river beds, thus causing floods.
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. To shift the focus from waste disposal at the end of the manufacturing process. (1)
2. To prevent pollution at the selection and utilisation of raw materials. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. Aquatic ecosystem - With ozone layer depletion, increasing concentrations of ultraviolet rays can severely upset the ecological balance in the aquatic ecosystem.
2. Plants - Plants exposed to ultraviolet radiation may suffer from stunted growth due to decreasing chlorophyll content.
3. Vegetables - Several vegetables are extremely sensitive to ultraviolet radiation.
4. Complex chemical substances - The physical and chemical properties of complex chemical substances may be damaged by increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
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MODEL ANSWER: Oxygen (1), peroxide (1).
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MODEL ANSWER: Biofiltration may be defined as a new technology which helps in purifying contaminated air (1) with the help of microorganisms (1).
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MODEL ANSWER: Eutrophication may be defined as the process due to which the oxygen content of water bodies decreases (1) because of natural or man-made factors(1).
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MODEL ANSWER: Biodiversity may be defined as the collective abundance of various species of flora and fauna (1) in the natural environment of a particular region or country (1).
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. To make the best possible use of the available resources.
2. To prevent soil erosion, and hence enhance soil fertility.
3. To decrease pressure on the natural forest resources.
4. To promote the maintenance of an ecological balance.
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MODEL ANSWER: Devara Kadus. (1) Kavus. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. Primary architects - People are the primary architects of development projects.
2. Development of skills - They must develop their skills and talents through such participation.
3. Educational training - They must be provided educational training to combat any situation.
4. Empowerment - They must be empowered to determine their own future prospects.
5. Controlling fate - They must also attain the ability to control their own fate.
6. Expertise - They have the knowledge and expertise to efficiently handle any such development project.
7. Community effort - The community effort must be utilised as a whole.
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MODEL ANSWER: Volcanic eruptions, Continental Drift, ocean currents, the Earth's tilt. (any two) (1 + 1)
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MODEL ANSWER: Vulnerable species may be defined as those species whose number is yet abundant, but their home range has already been adversely affected (1),and so they may become endangered if the same adverse factors continue to operate (1).
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. Economical - Microbial enzymes can be produce on a large scale within a limited period of time, thus being very economical. (1)
2. Technical advantages - They have various technical advantages; microorganisms can produce a great variety of enzymes / they can thrive in a large range of environmental conditions / they have genetic flexibility, and thus can be manipulated to obtain a higher yield. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. Unnecessary pain - To prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
2. Promote conservation - To promote the protection and conservation of animal species.
3. Ensuring Welfare - To take every possible measure for ensuring the welfare of animals.
4. Animal Welfare Board - To establish the Animal Welfare Board with a Chairman, a Secretary and other members.
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MODEL ANSWER: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fuels. (any two) (1 + 1)
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MODEL ANSWER: Haryana. (1) P.R. Mishra. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any two) (1 + 1)
1. Right to Safety.
2. Right to a Healthy Environment.
3. Right to Basic Needs.
4. Right to be Informed.
5. Right to Choose.
6. Right to be Heard.
7. Right to Seek Redressal.
8. Right to Consumer Education.
9. Right to Boycott.
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. The international characteristic of marine resources, thus implying an equal right of all countries for their utilisation. (1)
2. The high mobility of marine organisms. (1)
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SECTION B (40 Marks) Attempt any four questions from this Section
MODEL ANSWER: (any four) (1 x 4)
1. Safer region - The entire family must move out to a safer region as soon as a tsunami warning is declared.
2. Upper floors - Residents staying on the ground floor of multi-storey buildings must immediately move to the upper floors.
3. Low-lying regions - Rivers that lead to low-lying regions must be avoided.
4. Disaster supply kit - A disaster supply kit must be carried along in case of such an emergency.
5. Obtaining information - A local television or radio channel must be used to obtain up-to-date information regarding the disaster.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any six) (1 x 6)
1. Shifting agriculture - Shifting agriculture (jhumming) not only degrades the forests, but also makes the land barren and susceptible to further soil erosion, thus decreasing crop yield.
2. Subsistence agriculture - Subsistence agriculture implies that the farm produce is barely sufficient to sustain the farmer and his family, thus decreasing overall productivity.
3. Low soil fertility - Overexploitation of soil resources to obtain high productivity leads to a massive decrease in soil fertility, eventually resulting in low productivity.
4. Salinisation - Salinisation causes an excessive accumulation of salt in the soil, rendering it infertile.
5. Uneconomical landholdings - Modern agricultural landholdings are rather small and uneconomical for cultivation.
6. Overdependence on rainfall - The overdependence on rainfall for agriculture implies extremely low productivity during monsoon failures.
7. Lack of modern technology - The impoverished farmers are unable to purchase scientific farming equipment, thus decreasing agricultural efficiency and in-turn productivity.
8. Tenancy practice - Cultivating land for their landlords makes individual farmers lose interest in actual agricultural productivity.
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. Afforestation - Deforestation must give way to continual afforestation programmes. (1)
2. Alternative fuels - The use of fossil fuels must also give way to the use of alternative fuels like biogas and solar energy. (1)
3. Biofertilisers and biopesticides - Instead of using nitrogenous fertilisers and pesticides, biofertilisers and biopesticides must be used. (1)
4. Helping the developing countries - The developed countries must financially help the developing countries in the implementation of these measures. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. Definition - Quantitative pollutants may be defined as chemical substances that exist in nature (1), but when their concentration (quantity) increases to a critical level, they act as pollutants (1).
2. Examples - Carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are good examples of quantitative pollutants. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. Definition - Qualitative pollutants may be defined as chemical substances that do not exist in nature (1), but are introduced into the environment through human activities(1).
2. Examples - Chemical fertilisers and pesticides are good examples of quantitative pollutants. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any four) (1 x 4)
1. Checking deforestation - Indiscriminate felling of trees without permission must be checked.
2. Promoting afforestation - Deforestation must give way to continual afforestation programmes to increase forest cover.
3. Implementation of legislation - Strict laws must not only be made, but also implemented in their entirety.
4. Alternative fuels - The use of forest fuels like charcoal and firewood must also give way to the use of alternative fuels like biogas and solar energy.
5. Migration of wild animals - Broad corridors must be constructed between various protected forests to provide for the migration of wild animals.
6. Community participation - The local people must actively participate and promote the conservation of forests.
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MODEL ANSWER:
1. Domestic waste - Domestic waste like household detergents and sewage severely pollute water resources. (1)
2. Industrial waste - Industrial waste includes toxic chemical substances and other effluents, which cause irreparable damage to water. (1)
3. Radioactive waste - Nuclear power plants emit hazardous radioactive materials during nuclear tests, etc. (1)
4. Thermal pollution - Thermal power plants release recycled hot water into water bodies, resulting in the thermal pollution of water. (1)
5. Offshore oil drilling - Exploration processes in search of oil and gas beneath the seabed poses vivid threats to aquatic ecosystems. (1)
6. Oil spills - When crude oil is being transported across water bodies like oceans inoil tankers, it occasionally unintentionally spills into the water because of a leakage or an accident, resulting in the degradation of the aquatic ecosystem. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER:
Advantages -
1. Convertability - Coal can be converted into other forms like oil and gas. (1)
2. Steam generation - It can be used in iron and steel industries as well as in steam generation. (1)
Disadvantages -
1. Global warming - When coal is burnt, it emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas which causes global warming. (1)
2. Contains impurities - Coal contains impurities like sulphur and nitrogen, whose toxic oxides are emitted when coal is burnt. (1)
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MODEL ANSWER: (any three) (1 x 3)
1. Committee - The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) established a Committee on Noise Pollution Control.
2. Licence for loudspeakers - Loudspeakers must be used only after obtaining a licence and only during acceptable times.
3. Reducing bursting of crackers - Bursting of crackers must be reduced and is permitted only during festivals.
4. Acoustic barriers- Acoustic barriers must be present around construction activities, andthe noise level in such areas must not be too high.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any three) (1 x 3) 1. Decrease in haemoglobin content as well as in Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) content.
2. Carcinogenic (cancer-causing) effect on various parts of the body.
3. Mutagenic effect on various parts of the body leading to abnormal growth and development.
4. Eye defects which could result in permanent blindness.
5. Induced sterility and reduced fertility.
6. Foetal damage which could prove fatal.
7. Allergies of various kinds.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any four) (1 x 4)
1. Decreasing soil erosion - Better farming techniques like bunding and terracing must be used to decrease soil erosion on the steep watershed slopes.
2. Afforestation - Afforestation and horticulture must be promoted on non-arable land to decrease loss of water by surface runoff.
3. Water harvesting - Water must be carefully stored for later use in dry seasons.
4. Mining - Mining and quarrying processes make the hill slopes unstable and prone to soil erosion.
5. Community participation - The local people must actively participate and promote the conservation of water resources as well as forest resources.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any six) (1 x 6)
1. Electrical appliances - When leaving the house, all electrical appliances and gas appliances must be shut off.
2. Inflammable liquid materials - Inflammable liquid materials must not be kept in the house.
3. Cigarettes - It must be ensured that all used cigarettes are carefully and completely extinguished.
4. Lighters - Lighters and matchsticks must be kept out of the reach of children.
5. Fire extinguisher - A fire extinguisher must be kept in a convenient location in the building.
6. Technical know-how - All residents must be given technical know-how regarding the use of fire safety gadgets like fire extinguishers.
7. Water tanks - It must also be ensured that there are small containers like tanks filled with water in the house to help in case of a fire.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any four) (1 x 4)
1. Adaptability - We must quickly learn to adapt to our rapidly-changing environment by adopting eco-friendly measures.
2. Substitution - We must start substituting the use of non-renewable resources by the use of renewable resources.
3. Renewability - We must utilise renewable resources in such a way that the rate of utilisation is lower than the rate of regeneration.
4. Interdependence - We have to recognise the interdependence among communities and countries as the environment is related to the Earth as a whole.
5. Institutional commitment - We must ensure that not only individuals, but also institutions support the cause of the sustainable utilisation of resources to achieve sustainable development.
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MODEL ANSWER: (any six) (1 x 6)
1. Rapid deterioration in the quality of air, water and soil resources.
2. Increasing deforestation causing a significant decrease in the floral and faunal populations.
3. Unplanned urbanisation resulting in an uncontrollable increase in the number of urban slum regions.
4. Mass migration due to population pressure and resulting unemployment.
5. Increasing occurrences of droughts and floods.
6. A decrease in the underground water table levels.
7. Desertification and waterlogging resulting in massive land spoilage.
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